Tierschutzrelevante Zuchtprobleme beim Milchvieh - Interaktion zwischen dem Zuchtziel „Milchleistung“ und dem vermehrten Auftreten von Produktionskrankheiten, ein systematischer Review
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Beschreibung
Animal welfare-relevant breeding problems in dairy cattle - interaction between the breeding goal “milk yield” and the increased occurrence of production diseases, a systematic review
The aim of this systematic review is to process the scientific literature on the above-mentioned topic published between 1986 and 2020 in order to contribute to the discussion, to present the status quo of the scientific literature and to serve as a basis for expert groups to develop recommendations for action in the field of dairy farming. The current performance level of an average dairy cow is high and has been showing a clear upward trend since the 1950s. Average milk yields of over 9.000 kg milk per cow and 29.000 kg milk life production in an average of 2-3 lactations illustrate the high performance of these animals. On the other hand, there are health problems and the short lifespan of precisely these dairy cows. The reasons for the involuntary departure of a cow found and evaluated in this literature search, mostly mentioned reasons for leaving the farm are fertility disorders, udder diseases and diseases of the claws and limbs. Short periods of use of a maximum of 3 lactations, so that the maximum output is not even reached from the 4th lactation, high rates of loss due to involuntary reasons for loss and high disease rates in the dairy herds are shown in the annually published data of the BRS and the results of the current PreaRi study. The health problems described in dairy farming depend on two main influencing factors, namely the genetics and the environment of an animal. The phenotypical appearance of a dairy cow is always the result of the mixture of the genotype of the animal and the enviroment, such as the attitude and the quality of management. The development of the negative energy balance (NEB) in early lactation and thus the development of many peripartal diseases such as ketosis, mastitis, metritis or claw diseases have a genetic background. The quality of management and the way in which a dairy herd is kept and fed is an adjustment screw for the extent of the disease, but it cannot prevent it. The basic potential of milk production, metabolism, NEB and thus also production diseases is anchored in the genotype of the animal. The evaluated specialist literature sees a genetic association between the occurrence of various production diseases and the milk yield of a cow. Dairy cattle breeding in Germany can therefore influence the health of high-performance cows by setting breeding goals. Until the introduction of the RZG in 1997, 100 % was bred for the performance characteristic of milk production. In the 1990s, functional traits were gradually added, so that in the current breeding value, the milk production is weighted 45 %. The studies presented show that the pursuit of one-sided production-promoting breeding goals in dairy cattle breeding in the past has exacerbated the health problems of high-performance cows. Animal health can only be improved by making further adjustments and increasing the weighting of health characteristics. The currently formulated breeding goal in Germany should, for a sustainable, healthy cow, place less emphasis on the “economical high-performance cow of a dairy type and with a high milk yield”, but instead give more importance to functional traits using the new molecular biological possibilities in genetics. Because only a healthy cow is an economically valuable cow for the farm. The health problems presented for high-performance cows are ultimately relevant to animal welfare and endanger the social image of livestock production. Every (production) illness can, depending on its severity and extent, lead to avoidable pain, damage and suffering in a dairy cow. In any case, there is a deterioration in animal welfare. According to the interpretation of the overstrain paragraphs (§ 3 No. 1 TierSchG) and torture breeding paragraphs (§ 11 b TierSchG), conclusions can be drawn between the increase in milk yield due to the unilateral breeding and the increased production diseases. According to § 11 b TierSchG, a departure from the previous breeding goals in favor of a selection for longevity, high life output, disease resistance and flat lactation curves is required. The application and interpretation of the TierSchG is a matter of discretion in Germany and is made more difficult by the fact that veterinarians can assess animal health and remedy possible grievances on the basis of the TierSchG, but have no responsibility under the Animal Breeding Act in Germany. The data and interrelationships presented in this review can be used to introduce or develop a recommendation for action which could indicate limit values for performance-oriented breeding goals.
Autor*in
Alina Agnes Bauer
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Milchkühe Milchleistung Systematische Überprüfungen Tierhaltung Tierproduktion Tierschutz Tierzucht animal breeding animal housing animal husbandry animal production animal welfare dairy cows milk yield systematic reviews