Logical Structures for Representation of Knowledge and Uncertainty
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Beschreibung
To answer questions concerning previously supplied information the book uses a truth table or 'chain set' logic which combines probabilities with truth values (= possibilities of fuzzy set theory). Answers to questions can be 1 (yes); 0 (no); m (a fraction in the case of uncertain information); 0m, m1 or 0m1 (in the case of 'ignorance' or insufficient information). Ignorance (concerning the values of a probability distribution) is differentiated from uncertainty (concerning the occurrence of an outcome). An IF THEN statement is interpreted as specifying a conditional probability value. No predicate calculus is needed in this probability logic which is built on top of a yes-no logic. Quantification sentences are represented as IF THEN sentences with variables. No 'forall' and 'exist' symbols are needed. This simplifies the processing of information. Strange results of first order logic are more reasonable in the chain set logic. E.g., (p->q) AND (p->NOTq), p->NOT p, (p->q)->(p->NOT q), (p->q)- >NOT(p->q), are contradictory or inconsistent statements only in the chain set logic. Depending on the context, two different rules for the updating of probabilities are shown to exist. The first rule applies to the updating of IF THEN information by new IF THEN information. The second rule applies to other cases, including modus ponens updating. It corresponds to the truth table of the AND connective in propositional calculus. Many examples of inferences are given throughout the book.
It is the business of science not to create laws, but to discover them. We do not originate the constitution of our own minds, greatly as it may be in our power to modify their character. And as the laws of the human intellect do not depend upon our will, so the forms of science, of (1. 1) which they constitute the basis, are in all essential regards independent of individual choice. George Boole [10, p. llJ 1. 1 Comparison with Traditional Logic The logic of this book is a probability logic built on top of a yes-no or 2-valued logic. It is divided into two parts, part I: BP Logic, and part II: M Logic. 'BP' stands for 'Bayes Postulate'. This postulate says that in the absence of knowl edge concerning a probability distribution over a universe or space one should assume 1 a uniform distribution. 2 The M logic of part II does not make use of Bayes postulate or of any other postulates or axioms. It relies exclusively on purely deductive reasoning following from the definition of probabilities. The M logic goes an important step further than the BP logic in that it can distinguish between certain types of information supply sentences which have the same representation in the BP logic as well as in traditional first order logic, although they clearly have different meanings (see example 6. 1. 2; also comments to the Paris-Rome problem of eqs. (1. 8), (1. 9) below).
Describes a new truth table logic with built-in probabilities Includes exercises and solutions to difficult exercises
Autor*in
Ellen Hisdal
Themen in »Logical Structures for Representation of Knowledge and Uncertainty«
Unsicherheit Wissensrepräsentation artificial intelligence calculus künstliche Intelligenz representation of knowledge uncertainty